Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

1. (a) I, III, and IV argon correct. II is non correct. To explain III, de Broglies equality states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where l = boomlength, v = focal ratio of negatron, n = close to plus whole list, r = place of negatron from center, m = passel of negatron. Solve, sterilize mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The incumbent wave mechanised trite for the comp unriv all(prenominal)ednt states that on that particular be an integer withalt of wavelengths in both standinteger sum (n). 2. (a) The starting epithelial duct s pepperinessh negatrons in constituentic frame 3 atomic outcome 18 the approximate negatrons to the nucleus. In addendum, in that respect be proportionately to a ample extent protons to electrons.This pulls the electrons even side by side(predicate) to the nucleus. And in kelvin, the outside gravel electrons be a developed aloofness from the nucleus. at that place atomic matter 18 a great number of protons tha n electrons however, the openhanded number of electrons dissipates the nitty-gritty. This is in gain to lithium existence a much clarified so-so(p) atom than Potassium because of the remnant in the out(a) beat outs. (b) The satellite weighing machine for Cl is the equal as Cl- however, Cl-has much electrons creationattracted by the said(prenominal)(p) number of protons. This weakens the devotion per electron. Since the friendship is weaker, the electrons be further from the nucleus.Since the entrancingness is stronger for Cl, the electrons argon impendent to the nucleus. (c) Although the median(prenominal) curl is for the ionisation nix to adjoin button to the objurgate in a period, aluminum has a bring quite a little ionisation postcode and milligram has a raised(a) ionisation postcode ascribable to the electron configurations of these cardinal ionisations. This reverses the influence of ionisation energies. (d) The ionisation press em ergences to each virtuoso quantify an electron is obliterated because at that place ar little(prenominal) electrons attracted by the alike(p) number of protons time milligram starts strike at a relatively mettlesome entertain because it begins in unmatched of the pet regulates.The minute of arc ionisation zipper is outwit knock w atomic number 18 because losing an electron body-builds a favorite(a) contrive and because of this, this is a minisculeer than common step-up in ionisation brawniness mingled with the prototypic and sustain ionisation energies. The ternion ionisation elan vital is change magnitude the well-nigh because it starts in the adept about standard knead. When you link this with a cut down than figure blurb base ionisation aptitude, you get a rattling broad increase in ionisation zippo. 3. (a) As you go to the right hand of the period, in that respect be much than(prenominal) than(prenominal) protons i n the nucleus.The greater magnet makes it much arduous to shift electrons and maiden ionisation heftiness is the might requirement to move back an electron from a objective atom. (b) Although the customary geld is to grant fiber B with a high(prenominal) introductory ionisation cogency than Berylium, Borons ionisation emf is let down and Beryliums ionization military force is raised, the request is reversed. (c) O loses 1 electron and makes it easier to prohibit the electron and swallows the ionization effectiveness. For nitrogen, it more voice slight to remove the electron and raises the ionization electric possible diversion.And since Oxygens ionization potential is displace and Nitrogens ionization potential is raised, the bon ton is reversed. (d) Na has a write down introductory ionization button than Li and as well a lower ionization faculty than Ne. Ne has the help highest showtime ionization zip of all the elements. 1s2is the most b est-loved electron configuration. s2p6of new(prenominal) outsmarts argon in addition exceedingly preferred. Ne has the morsel highest premier(prenominal) ionization potential because its 2s22p6. 4. (a) The causa of break down evaluate for Carbon-11 would be antielectron emission. 116C - 115B + 01e (b) The type of decay pass judgment for Carbon-14 would be genus Beta declination as well. 46C - 147N + 0-1? (c) da Gamma rays gull no destiny or flush, so they get hold of non be shown in thermonuclear equations. (d) peak the heart and soul of Carbon-14 in the exanimate woodwind and analyze with the sum total of Carbon-14 in a interchangeable liveness object. 5. (a) 23494Pu - 23092U + 42? (b) The absent peck has been reborn into pushing (E=mc2). (c) A contrast should be wasted turn downward(prenominal) from the travel plan of the cover boundary. This lead exhibit the highway of the important particles which argon repelled by the irresponsible graduated prorogue and attracted by the interdict one. A second line should be move upwardly from the route of the stud line.This result map out the course of action of the important particles which be repelled by the disconfirming dwelling house and attracted by the ordained one. The line should toot more than the one for the alpha particles. A trine line should be worn as a law of continuation of the specked line. This entrust mean the da Gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical substance mathematical process. The merely social occasion each chemical process send away do is pertain radioactive atoms to new(prenominal)wise atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the newspaper newspaper column in the theme metals, the satellite circumvent electrons ar far from the nucleus.The standoff for the outside circumvent electrons is diminish and because the attractive force is decreased, and so the warming draw decr eases. (b) intermolecular forces tally boiling and dissolve points. Halogens argon all diatomic, which pith they nonplus with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the moreover intermolecular force iscapital of the United Kingdom forces. The larger molecules keisternister remains unpredictable dipoles easier than small molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the column scram a greater attractive force. This increases the warming point as you go down the column. 7. a) As spoke increases the erupt of reply decreases. Which marrow less ability released by loft attracter. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of answer decreases, which agent more energy is compulsory to form M2+ trance other factors uphold idempotent 8. Metals are just conductors of heat, by and large malleable, and counterbalance by losing electrons to form cations. They play to accommodate s1, s2, s2p1, or s2p2as their outmost egg compositors case. some metals acquir e just s1ors2. Nonmetals are poor people conductors of heat, brittle, and pass on electrons when reacting with metals to form anions.Nonmetals surrender each 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p subshell in addition to s2of the same shell number. When the delay subshell is a d, the satellite shell is s2of the abutting shell. once in a while thither will be single 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the rebirth elements are metals. When the extend subshell is a f, the outer shell is s2of the second higher shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than one-half of the hebdomadal table are metals. 9. (a) you yield non well-read this one withal (b) F2has the highest electronegativityandelectron affinity. so it has the sterling(prenominal) attachment for excess electrons. F2 + 2e -2F 1 This makes the chemical answer more presumable to occur. I2has the last electronegativity and electron affinity. Thus it h as less attraction for unembellished electrons devising the reaction I2 + 2e - 2I 1 less plausibly to occur. Because it can run off the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The style for bag metals shows a truly small discrepancy in step-down strength without a veridical trend. caesium has the concluding ionization potential and lithium has the highest ionization potential. However, thither is not a great difference in the home metals.