Images of Women in European Art

Images of Women in European Art John Berger is a critic of art, a novelist and a writer. He is also a painter. Berger is known for his book, The G which has won may awards. Berger is also known for his feature an art stick on Ways of seeing. He was born in England in 1926. He attended schools in England and then joined the army. His critic tradition stemmed while teaching drawing in London schools. After dropping from the army he avoided criticizing the Soviet Union but eventually his views of the same union became more acute. It is also beneficial to know that, in 1962, Berger drove himself out of Britain to a self imposed exile. The reason he exiled himself from Britain was because he had considered days in this country distasteful. The article Images of women in European Art is part of Bergers book Ways of Seeing. In this book, Berger has made the reader see art in a different dimension. He argues that the view of the world is not similar with the way it actually is. He uses pictures and not words in first chapters to try to make readers see themselves in a different dimension. An image of Women in European Art has different fallacies that portray the way he sees women in society. He argues in this article that women are sensuous objects that are there to arouse the male audience. He argues that there is a variance in being naked and being nude. Being naked is to be oneself but being nude is to be seen naked by other people. Berger asserts that women are inactive objects that are always available. The article is, therefore, criticized in several ways because of its portrayal of women in the European art. In this article, John Berger reconstructs the way of seeing and attends to perspective and conventions for visual dialogue based on the peoples collective and personal belief constructs. He analyzes the origin of art and the way in which people look at art which he specifies are affected by a chain of learnt assumptions about truth, genius and civilization form. He deals with geometric perspective; the setting of a vanishing point in paintings and the way in which man was induced to believe, he was the center of the uniqueness in the world as the spectator. His discussion of perspective and mans position, as a sole viewer with universal seeing power, informs his discussion of the inherent gender divisions initiated in early works of art. Not only was the viewers perspective god-like and all knowing, but it was overwhelmingly male. More specifically he demonstrates this point i n reference to European art. In the form, of European art, the spectator-owners and painters were always men and these men always saw women as objects. This unequal relationship is so deeply rooted in culture that it still shapes the consciousness of many women. Women in the society always see themselves in the manner in which men see them. They also treat themselves the way men treat them. They explore their own femininity. This is the chief legacy that he points out in this article. It also shapes the way in which the artists view women. Berger was a painter and, therefore, most of his opinions stemmed from his paintings. He clearly distinguished himself as a painter. The paintings of nude women hanged on museum walls were considered as some form of immoral act. They were seen as images of sex. They were considered as images that were there to be used and violated. The male nude forms of male paintings in museums had a different perspective according to Berger. He argued that in the past nude male paintings were seen as a way in which the imitated Christians messiah. They were seen as striving to be like Jesus. In todays paintings, male nudity is seen as not a way of immoral act but as a form of strength. They are considered to be exuding some form of virility. In these present days women, pictures that are nude are seen as a phonographic. These present opinions stem from the past portrayal of women. The question is, is there a difference in a nude man and a nude woman. They are both nude. Why is the woman portrayed in a negative form then? From the deep discussions of the past to the analysis of the present in the use of publicity images, Bergers ideas about the social and beauty assumptions that inform the way we see are fundamental to understanding the image saturated environment and media consumed lifestyle. From art history, and the basics about the changing nature of perspective to spectator viewing and notions of intimacy revealed in European nudes and modern publicity images, promoting lifestyle and brand identities, Ways of Seeing is complete in its dissection of the complexities of the visual culture and comprehensive in its exploration of our reality. Berger has played a role in modern female thinking by exploring how women are portrayed in classical painting and advertising. He takes on the subject so straightforwardly, taking into question the entirety of the womens classical images. Bergers conclusion and that of his interviewees are that the nude womens paintings hanging in the best European museums is nothing more than pornography. The women in those paintings are nothing but objects that can be consumed or violated. He so forcefully speaks against this part of the western canon. However, Berger is not without faults. His appeal of oil paintings portrays them as the highest of visual forms. This may not be the case. In history, photography is somewhat fuzzy, but according to Berger, photography, as a work of art, was finding its way into the finest galleries and museums in the world. Photography is now in the same class with other visual forms of art as almost equal. Bergers reliance on his own arguments and opinions, too, br ings problems. In almost half of his arguments, he has not had a single female critic discussing the subject. Berger proficiently weaves the visual with discussions on the subject of the visual in clear-cut and jargon less language. He clearly presents his views making cautious observations about the visual without looking into art school discussion-style solipsism, ambiguity, tautology, or prevarication. Berger also argues that judging women as beautiful is a way of an artists perspective. In Paris, a woman is judged by how beautiful she looks. Men are the ones who view and judge women as whether they are beautiful or not. This has been incorporated with judgment. A present is awarded to a woman who is tremendously beautiful. This judgment has given birth to what is normally considered like a beauty contest. Those women who are considered to be beautiful, gets the price, and those who are not, do not get any reward. This is how men have set standards for women to use in judging themselves. Does this mean that only women who are considered beautiful by men always win? Is it possible that there are other ways of judging women? Why is it that men are never evaluated in terms of their beauty? Women can also be evaluated a variety of other abilities and not how beautiful they are. There are women writers, painters who have excelled in this field and have won themselves prices (Berger, 197 2). The prizes to be won in beauty contests are owned by the judge. These judges are, in most cases, men. This means that women are available to them. It is also to say that these nude pictures have been placed to satisfy male urge and their desire to possess. Berger argues that, most of the nude paintings in museums have been hung to satisfy the sexuality of a man looking at the picture. Does it mean, then, that nude paintings are hung to satisfy the male sexuality only? Berger also argues that the womans sexuality should be minimized so that the male audience has control of passion being exuded. He further says that women are there to fuel and feed the males appetite. Who will feed the womans appetite if it is only the males that has to be fed? It is hypocrisy that men paint nude pictures of women because they enjoy looking at them and then shove picture to the woman to look at her shame. This is condemning the woman whose picture he had painted to amuse himself. While men look at women, women also look at themselves the way men are looking at them thus making a double audience for themselves. They, therefore, look at themselves as intensely conscious of how they are presented and how they look in the male eyes. He says that a woman who looks at herself is considered as a narcissist while a man who looks at whatever he likes is considered an art connoisseur. Berger argues that only a person can turn someone into being nude. This is taken a step further when Berger points out that the fan owner of a painting becomes the spectator owner of a representation of a woman; therefore, the spectator is depicted as the male and the nude image as the woman who is intended to flatter the man. Male spectators are applied in two ways in the following example that represents a picture: the exchange between Gerty and Bloom and the mention in the painting which was painted in the twentieth century. In Making a spectacle of Herself, Gerty MacDowell in the painting, Katherine Mullin Joyces; suggestive and arousal Gerty are compared to modest and sexually pure Flint of Cummins. She is seen like she is conscious of her beauty and her power to provoke the mans attention, but, Flint is totally unconscious of her beauty. This device is used most of the times to pass on a message to young ones. The prude and modest Flint serves as the role model for youthful Irish women. Mullin states that her reward for her diffidence is her u ltimate marriage to her childhood darling. On the other hand, the sexually open and provoking Gerty is left at the end not married. Why is it, then, that men paint pictures of nude women and later on condemns them? In this example, a naked woman was not married later. It is true even to date that those women who are portrayed as naked in the websites or televisions are rarely married. This is because men believe that they have exposed their nudity in a truly sinful way. Why then did they paint these pictures if they were not destroying the moral reputation of women? Bergers discussions of nakedness are taken further when he asserts that, in western Christian art, nakedness of male is a symbol of a struggle to be more like Christ, while that of female symbolizes lust and sin. The male nudity is, therefore, closer to perfection than that of female. The discussions by Miles, about Adam and Eve, are based on this argument, emphasizing that Eves believed guilt in the fall of man and her creation from the body of Adam have been conventionally treated as the reasons of Eves weakness to Adam. If Eve is a representation of every woman, her imperfections speak to the common limitation of women and their shared sinfulness. Based on Bergers Miles views, the treatment of all women by Christianity as potential witches and the credence of their expected vulnerability to evil are seen as unfairness paid to the depiction of women. There is, therefore, a great reason for the need of a new form of feminist art. Representation of women according to Berger has fallen victim to two systems a) The use of their bodies to provoke the male gaze and the ultimate objectification of women b) The aversive and negative treatment in western Christianity. The two systems are crucial factors that have contributed to the agenda approach used in art, literature, and on screens major types used in gender depiction, which was created by men for themselves. When these are examined, the hidden agenda in representation is exposed, and it sparks one of the most castigatory actions to sexual category politics: women discontinue watching the men in suits and embark on their own representation. In the Judgment of Paris, a story presumably originated by men, starts by displaying the, vanity of female: a dispute of three goddesses over their individual beauty triggers the meeting with Paris, the inducement and the consequences. Then their characters are with vindictiveness and conceit fleshed out, so there is no way that a safe decision can be made by Paris, let alone one that is just. The goddesses are blamed for all of it. Yet this story gives possibilities for the artist (who is not apprehensive with blame) to scrutinize the relationships between power and sexuality. Supposedly, as Berger suggests, Paris and other male viewers have the authority of judgment over the female beauty, but inside the world of the story, the real authority is with the goddesses. In the after effects the argument at Troy was about goddesses who were always responsible for the defeats and victories of men, by their unswerving divine intervention. The goddesss divinity has been artistically represented in various ways. Cranach decided to make their figures bright, but also weak and wife like. They are then infused with vigor by Reuben, but they are on display clearly, for us, as well as for Paris. The figures for Raphael are extremely powerful. They are nude; a world that is naked and filled with parity, but none of the representations undoubtedly represents the power of the power of goddesses over Paris to the level that is achieved by Watteau. The iconographic essentials are in this picture just as they are in Cranach and Raphael. Paris is shown sitting on the lower part of the picture before the key form of Aphrodite. Athena is on the right, and she is already dressed. Hera is retreating at the top of the picture and is followed by Peacock, having said all these. The picture is quite contrary in its components from any that had gone before this because it is representing a valuable genius in this painting; the power of Paris is utterly destroyed. Paris almost cowers, and the way she puts her hands humbly over her head is not a gesture of a judge who is conferring an accolade but that of a supplicant making a submission. Athena and Hera see this too with Hera conceding already and Athena appearing to be shielding herself from the power of the winning goddess. The situation is more intricate that this, for the power that Aphrodite has is openly sexual. All attention is on her as she disrobes (except for Hermes turned away, of course). However, all that can be observed by the spectators in the representation is her lower half. Cupid makes sure that Paris gets a clear view of the genitals of Aphrodites, and that, it seems that it is enough to secure h er victory. Berger considers nudity as a process and not an act. The question is what process? A European humanism, which tried to view nakedness in terms of individuality, argued that nudity should be arrived at by piecing different parts of the body. The reason for this argument is that painting pictures of nude women is a personal interest. There are parts, that he likes most, and, therefore, will want those parts painted for him. Conclusion Bergers representation of these facts about women; can be generalized as fallacies that try to define nudity of women. It is not fair that Berger has these opinions on women. The nude presentation of women poses several discussions on whether women are quite sensual objects that are just there for the amusement of men. The techniques, which Berger has used, are not a fair representation of women. Contrary to Bergers believes, women are not passive in the society and are not sexual symbols. The oil paintings of naked people of whether male or female constitute nudity and should be viewed in the same way as nudity in women is viewed.

The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell :: essays papers

The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell The novel, The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell is a very humorous novel. In the novel, Ken uses humour to get a point across at many different times. In the Concise Oxford Dictionary humour is defined as: the condition of being amusing or comic. Well some parts of the novel are very amusing and comic. One funny part in the book is when the kids at the beginning ask Gilly if he is native or black. At that part Ken was getting across what Gilly was. That is just one example in the novel, there are others also. Humour can be used to get points across in the real world, and it is also used to get points across in the novel. One humorous part in the novel that gets a point across is in chapter two when they are all travelling. They have to stop and when they do some local town kids bug Gilly. They throw stuff at him and tie him to a tree. They ask him if he is a native, and he denies. They ask if he is a black, and he denies. They just make fun of him, until he gets rescued. Eventually we learn that Gilly is neither native, or black, or white, he is a halfbreed. This funny part in the novel gets the point across of what Gilly really is. Without this one part in the novel we would not know what Gilly is. We would probably just assume that he is white. Ken probably puts this in the novel because he had a troubled childhood and he just had to let off some steam. When he was a kid all the other kids probably bugged him. Maybe he was a halfbreed and the other kids bugged him about being native or black. Ken is just showing how mean kids can be, and he feels that kids should be nicer to each other. Then the world would be a much happier place. A second funny part in the story is when Gilly is getting tail and the cops come and knock on the door. Ken Mitchell does this because he is a pervert. You can tell that Ken is a big pervert because all throughout the story he has a bunch of sick parts like this. Ken probably did not have a wife or a girlfriend,.

People Naturally Resist Making Changes in Their Lives Essay

There is a sentence meaning: â€Å"Rivers have their smooth areas as well as their rough regions, and the life of human beings go up at this time and go down at another time†. Therefore, people have to renew themselves, keep learning new things to overcome challenges. People, however, naturally refuse to make changes in their lives. This leads them to be unable to adapt to new environments. Growing up, studying, making friends, and getting jobs†¦ are the important issues of everyone’s life. Every issue is put into different situations which have various difficulties and require some specific skills. For instance, the environment between high school and university is not the same. In high school, teachers pay full attention to you, make sure that you DEEPLY understand deeply subjects, do homework, and learn lessons by heart. On the contrary, you have to motivate yourself to study. That is not THE teachers’ duty. If you don’t make changes in your study methods, and still wait for help from the teachers, your study will decrease dramatically and you surely get bad results. Making changes is difficult but IT doesn’t mean that we can’t do it. In my opinion, there are some steps to help you to get into a new habit. First step is to change your mind. You should carefully consider advantages and drawbacks between new things and old ones. For example, sending mails through (I)nternet is quicker, cheaper, and more convenient than doing them by hand. Next, you should learn it a little everyday, ask the help of your family and your friends. Finally, you will be an expert. In conclusion, the world’s today doesn’t stand at the same point, but always changes every minute. If you don’t update, study new technologies, and skills continuously, you will SOON be out of touch with the world. Human’s life always changes day by day. Therefore, it sets requirements for us to change toward new conditions of living. However, many analyses have pointed out that most people naturally resist making change in their lives. This nature respond actually leads to many problems. On the one hand, many people consider avoiding changes as a way to avoid troubles. For example, a worker chooses to keep using the old machine instead of new one just because he or she does not want to learn how to use the new. They feel better when just working in familiar condition. This natural though is understandable because safety is one of the most important needs for everyone. On the other hand, changeable people claim that making changes is necessary to reach higher success in life. A successful business man said that if we just do what we have done, we just get what we have got. This statement partly implies important role of changes in human’s life. When we avoid making changes, we also by ourselves ignore all opportunities to go further in career. And in a rapid development society, this means that we become backward people. More seriously, what if young generation become passive, and is never ready to change? This will create a weak and low quality labor force in the near future. Of course, a weak labor force cannot help develop country as we desire. That is because they avoid changes, avoid new modern technology or other things, and so they cannot catch with rapid development of the world.

Toyota Motor Corporation Business Sample

Toyota Motor Corporation Business Sample Toyota Motor Corporation Business Essay Example Toyota Motor Corporation Business Essay Example Toyota has become one of the leaders in vehicle industry. Its history goes back to the 1930s, when the company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyota Company was a branch project of Toyota Automatic Loom Works run by founder’s son. Its first creations were A1 and G1 passenger vehicles. Only in August 1937, Toyota Company was established as a separate entity. Ever since that time, company had encored its positions on a global market. In 2012, Toyota Motors Corporation was the largest manufacturer in the world by production capacities. Starting from this year, 2014 it occupies the fourteenth place in the world by revenue. Toyota Way The company’s values and business style in terms of management are known as the Toyota Way. Toyota Way is a code of conduct embraced by all of its employees. Amongst its content there are two headings Respect for People and Continuous Improvement that lay the foundation for five major principles that include: challenge, improvement, go and see, respect and teamwork (Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d.). The Toyota Way encounters four main components that are essential for its operations: long-term thinking, problem-solving process, adding value and root problem solving leads to organizational learning. Toyota’s global vision reflects its intentions to lead the way to the future of mobility via enriching lives around the world with the safe and responsible ways of moving people. They seek to achieve the mentioned above through commitment to quality, constant innovation and respect for the planet, exceeding expectations with a smile as a reward from customers. The company also emphasizes on involvement of those who are talented and passionate who seek better ways of achieving corporate goals. Tracing back to its foundation, the Toyota Company has changed the course of its products and services. The Toyota Grop consists of 16 companies that provide goods and services. Its product line includes manufacturing of automobiles, luxury vehicles, commercial vehicles, engines and motorcycles. Services, provided by Toyota embrace banking, financing and leasing. The Toyota Company also performs an expertise in fields that are not related to the automobile business: housing, financial ser vices, environmental (marine, biotechnology and afforestation) and communications. Its headquarters are located in Toyota city in the Aichi prefecture in Japan. Ten of its plants operate in Japan. Its geographical presence embraces manufacturing or assembling plants in North and South Americas region, Europe and Asia and Oceania. As of March 2014, the Toyota’s: capital was worth 80.4 billion yen; net sales 2,007.8 billion yen; net income 91.7 billion yen. During 2012 and 2013 total sales were 9,748,000 and 9,980,000 yen respectively (Reuters Financial, 2014). 1. Every company seeks the way to increase profits Thus, expanding the geographical borders is means – maximizing profits and minimizing risks. Starting as a domestic company that manufactured passenger cars, the Toyota Company has managed to occupy leading positions on the world market. Its first model passenger car was around 3,500 yen that was cheaper than analogues offered by General Motors or Ford. Another significant push for making business globally is related to company’s marketing campaigns and strategies that are developed locally. It helps to adjust business to local demands with the quality and reputation of the brand. The Toyota Company makes a huge emphasis on its philosophy and corporate culture. They pose themselves as modest brand that provides quality products. The product line embraces all different types of vehicles, from small, luxury to big-size trucks. It closely coincides with customer demand. Innovation is one of the major factors that attract customers. The company implements its innovations through the creation of vehicles that have unique characteristics because of optimization and differentiation on the regional level. Another peculiar feature of Toyota on an automobile market related to innovations is realized through creation of basic high-quality parts that are cross-usable in different products (Thompson, 2014). Expanding means establishing its production within a specific region and thus, it affects the budget and as a result – profit. Over the course of its development up to this date, the Toyota Company consists of 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates worldwide with 333,498 members of employed staff as of March 2014. To sum up above, Toyota has managed to become a flagman in an automobile industry via innovative approach to manufacture a variety of products that fit into different categories of customer segment. Besides, the Company has a highly developed and successful marketing course of development that helped to enter foreign markets and adjust to its rules. 2. The competitive advantage of Toyota can be explained by Porter’s model Threat of New Entry (Weak): Large amÐ ¾unt of capital required High retaliatiÐ ¾n pÐ ¾ssible from existing cÐ ¾mpanies, if new entrants wÐ ¾uld bring innÐ ¾vative prÐ ¾ducts and ideas to the industry; Few legal barriers prÐ ¾tect cÐ ¾mpany from new entrants; The company has established brand image and reputation; Products are mainly differentiated by design and engineering quality; New entrant could easily access suppliers and distributors; It is very hard to achieve economies of scale for small companies; GÐ ¾vernments Ð ¾ften prÐ ¾tect their home markets by intrÐ ¾ducing high import taxes; Supplier power (Weak): Large number of suppliers; Some suppliers are large but the most of them are pretty small; Company uses another type of material (use one metal instead of another) but only to some extent (plastic instead of metal); Materials widely accessible; Suppliers do not pose any threat of forward integration; Buyer power (Strong): There are many buyers; Most of the buyers are individuals that buy one car, but corporates or governments usually buy large fleets and can bargain for lower prices; Buyers are price sensitive and their decision is often based on how much does a vehicle cost; Buyers do not threaten backward integration; Threat of Substitutes (Weak): There are many alternative types of transportation, such as bicycles, motorcycles, trains, buses or planes; Substitutes can rarely offer the same convenience; Alternative types of transportation almost always cost less and sometimes are more environment friendly; Competitive Rivalry (Very Strong): Moderate number of competitors; If a firm would decide to leave an industry it would incur huge losses, so most of the time it either bankrupts or stays in automotive industry for the lifetime; Industry is very large but matured; Size of competing firm’s varying but they usually compete for different consumer segments; Customers are loyal to their brands; There is moderate threat of being acquired by a competitor; (Nkomo, 2013, p.4). 3. External environmental factors are important for the proper growth, which leads to occupation of leading position on domestic and later on global markets. Toyota has managed to achieve success via thorough guidelines and principles of business that were created within the company. While entering business, especially automobile industry it is not enough to know competitors, one should have clear understanding of what advantages your company has over others on a market; thus, it shows ways for improvement. The Toyota Company has become a leader on the market not in one day. In 2012, the Toyota Motors Corporation was recognized as the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, with the reported production of 200-millionth vehicle in the middle of that year. Its annual production of vehicles reaches 10 million. The biggest share of its success belongs to production system, known as â€Å"lean manufacturing system† or â€Å"just-in-time system† that has become popular worldwide and thus, studied. The system functions in the way of producing vehicles ordered by customers in the quickest and the most efficient way. The method helps to deliver vehicles in a short period. Firstly, it explains the significant number of factories all over the world that work for a specific region. Secondly, this approach helps to establish so-called communication with customers and ability to be flexible in fast-changing tastes and trends. Economic factors are also important for the company’s growth. The economic system and policies, nature of the economy of the country, trade cycles, level and distribution of income define the economic environment of the company (Jain et al., 2006). One of the examples, describing mentioned above is connected with Toyota entering North American market. The company has entered the market with its small passenger cars that were cheaper that those of competitors. During the oil crisis in 1970s, the Toyota was able to respond to customer demand for small cars with improved fuel economy while competitors were producing small cars of lower quality. It shows that the Company had healthy and fast-responding solution to the situation both on a global scale (oil crisis) and customer demand within a region (small cars with effective fuel consumption). Socioeconomic factors are related to the brand’s features – quality, reliability and durability. Over a span of time, the Toyota has become the most trusted vehicle manufacturer in the world. After launching a luxury line, it had become a symbol of status. Toyota’s input into socioeconomic development of every country always associates with respect. The laws of a country are valued by fair corporate actions from senior management. Thus, Toyota has gained general recognition from the society. Company’s priorities in each country combine awareness of traffic laws and work-life balance for its employees. Financial performance of Toyota is determined as outperformed. During the last five years, total assets increased 586.8 billion yen to 3,243.8 billion yen that can be explained in terms of an increase in market value of investment securities. Liabilities grew due to an increase in deferred tax liabilities. Net assets growth is estimated at the level of 327.2 billion yen. Cash flow from operating activities rose due to posting income before income taxes. In comparison with the last fiscal year, net case has also grown. Cash flows from investing activities resulted in a decrease in cash of 274.2 billion yen, resulted by increase in payments for purchases of property, plant and equipment (Toyota Industries: Financial Summary, 2013). When analyzing Toyota’s presence in the US market, for example, it is important to highlight that Toyota has minimum political and legal implications. It is connected with company does not have to deal with unions has minimal financial burden along with the retirement and financial plans. There is no need for the company to splurge budgets on legal costs associated with its operations and health care expenditures. The government within the country where the company runs its business outlines legal framework for the Toyota. In the United States, there are laws that are directly applied for the company – competition, consumer protection or taxation and emission laws. Physical factors are associated with challenges that company has faced while being among the leaders in automobile manufacturing. These are forces that have a direct impact on plans, strategies and decisions made by the company. Challenges embrace the wide spectrum of spheres including: intense and high competition economic crisis of 2008 malfunction of products (Camry Solara and Lexus, four million of which were recalled by the company; 2009-2010 the Company recalled around eight million cars and trucks manufactured in the US) Political environment of the Toyota Company is affected by the decisions related to marketing and thus, development of new products. Despite of the geographical location, companies are still vulnerable to a political environment within a specific country. However, states are interested in maintaining companies inside of the country as they give working places and are subject to taxation. With its number of consolidated companies and affiliates, the Toyota Company belongs to the bunch that is protected by local governments with further creation of competition on the market, adding customer values. Sociocultural factors refer to the influence of certain social and cultural factors on an organisation. The factors influencing the social environment of an organization are usually beyond the control of the Toyota Company and may include the following: attitude of people to work, religion, cast etc. The Toyota Company has established The Toyota Way internal principles and guidelines for its employees. The staff has to embrace and follow five principles: challenge, improvement, go and see, respect and teamwork. A lot of work is done by creating comfortable conditions for local staff and creating opportunities via incentives and programs aimed at growth both personal and professional. The Company has launched Corporate Citizenship program that includes environmental awareness, traffic safety, education and input into the society by volunteering. Technological environment is a driving force for future development. Toyota spends a lot of time working on technological advance and production of products of the highest quality. For example, back in 1997 the company was the first who launched mass production of hybrid electric vehicles (Toyota Prius). Technological environment means the creation of cars that are popular with consumers. They are popular because of safety of its products, environmental issue, and engagement with intelligent transport systems outside of the vehicle. For example, Corolla model that is present on the market for over 17 years has been attractive to customers due to important features such as gas expenditure and low maintain cost (Flynn, 2013). The Toyota is one of the leaders on automobile market and industry as well. Success coincides with some of the challenges that the company had to face in the mid 2000s related to technical malfunctions of its products. It took many resources, tangible and intangible in order to solve these issues and restore its reputation. The biggest achievement of Toyota is an ability the products of Toyota to be beneficial for the society and environment at the same time. Over the time, the company has gained success on the market leading to the constant demand of its product, thus, profit as well. The Company always seeks new ways in technology to improve its products, which is promising for company’s career. Recommendations Toyota Motor Corporation should seek ways to detect bugs while products are not sold to the end consumers. It will enable efficient control and responsibility. Business expansion is possible in new emerging economies. For it, Toyota has to be flexible and responsive to local market demands. Emerging economies are new horizons to be discovered by Toyota. The Company should pursue its innovative approach towards environmentally-sound products not only in automobile industry.

Steel Properties and History

Steel Properties and History Steel is an alloy of iron that contains carbon. Typically the carbon content ranges from  0.002% and 2.1%  by weight. Carbon makes steel harder than pure iron. The carbon atoms make it more difficult for dislocations in the iron crystal lattice to slide past each other. There are many different types of steel.  Steel contains additional elements, either as impurities or added to confer desirable properties. Most steel contains  manganese,  phosphorus,  sulfur,  silicon, and trace amounts of aluminum,  oxygen, and nitrogen. Intentionally addition of nickel, chromium, manganese, titanium,  molybdenum,  boron, niobium and other metals influence the hardness, ductility, strength, and other properties of steel. Steel History The oldest piece of steel is a piece of ironware that was recovered from an archaeological site in Anatolia, dating back to about 2000 BC. Steel from ancient Africa dates back to 1400 BC. How Steel Is Made Steel contains iron and carbon, but when iron ore is smelted, it contains too much carbon to confer desirable properties for steel. Iron ore pellets are remelted and processed to reduce the amount of carbon. Then, additional elements are added and the steel is either continuously cast or made into ingots. Modern steel is made from pig iron  using one of two processes. About 40% of steel is made using the  basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. In this process, pure oxygen is blown into melted iron, reducing the amounts of carbon, manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Chemicals called fluxes further reduce levels of  sulfur and phosphorus in the metal.  In the United States, the BOF process recycles  25-35%  scrap steel to make new steel. In the U.S., the  electric arc furnace (EAF) process is used to make about 60% of steel, consisting nearly entirely of recycled scrap steel. Learn More List of Iron AlloysWhy Stainless Steel Is StainlessDamascus SteelGalvanized Steel

A good ruler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A good ruler - Essay Example Krishna derives his code of conduct from the ancient Hindu tradition of Varna Dharma, which was an extension of the caste-system followed in India. According to this system, members of each of the four castes have their own social roles to perform1. Striving to fulfill these roles without questioning them is considered a virtue. Arjuna, having born into the Kshatriya caste (the warriors and rulers) is expected to fight the righteous battle, even if his opponents are his own cousins and eventually one of them might be killed. The people across the battlefield, waiting to confront Arjuna2 with swords, arrows and spears are people like Bhishma and Dhronacharya3, the former being his uncle and the latter his teacher. Not only were they elderly and respectable individuals but were also related by blood. The other contenders were the hundred odd sons of King Dhritirashtra, Arjuna’s father’s own brother4. Indeed, the dilemma and confusion that set in Arjuna’s mind were understandable. It is at this juncture that Lord Krishna consoles Arjuna by extolling to him the virtues of performing one’s designated duties. The duty (dharma) for a warrior prince is to defend his side from enemies. If Arjuna did not carry out this noble calling of his caste, then he will neither achieve peace in this lifetime for his own warring cousins will bring about his death, nor will he attain peace in the afterlife due to the digression of not having performed his duty. As per the code of conduct prescribed by Varna Dharma, a Kshatriya (warrior) should not hesitate to kill his own brother if the latter is wrong. Arjuna, the warrior prince is impelled to decimate those forces that are devious and corrupt. In the war of Kurushetra, the devious and corrupt forces have assumed the form of his Kaurava cousin brothers and hence Arjuna should not express such sentimental notions which are unbecoming of his caste. When Arjuna doubts the very necessity of this war, Krishna

Criminal Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice - Coursework Example There are three types of court jurisdiction that are Personal Jurisdiction, Territorial Jurisdiction and Subject Matter Jurisdiction: †¢ Personal Jurisdiction- A court has a personal jurisdiction over a person if that person has been personally served that is has accepted the service of court papers and also the defendant has some form of contact with the state in which the court is located (Berman, 1983, p. 530). †¢ Territorial Jurisdiction- A court is said to have territorial jurisdiction over an event or a person or persons, by virtue of the sovereign jurisdiction of that state over the land which falls within its boundary, which includes all its inland and territorial waters. Territorial jurisdiction of a court ensues from the authority of a court over a bounded space and over the people present there and the events taking place there (Berman, 1983, p. 222). †¢ Subject Matter Jurisdiction- Subject Matter Jurisdiction pertains to the authority of a court to hear over the cases of a specific type or the cases relating to a particular subject matter (Berman, 1983, p. 222). To decide on a case, a court must have Subject Matter Jurisdiction and one of Personal or Territorial Jurisdiction. ... ubjected to politically and commercially conducive confinements like workhouses, serving as galley slaves, or transportation to the colonies (King, 1984, p. 110). Like their European counterparts, the American colonists to begin with developed semblances of jails known as ‘gaols’ to detain the offenders awaiting trials (King, 1984, p. 110). These jails were simple and undefined in their architecture, involving no provisiosn to segregate the hardcore criminals from the petty offenders (King, 1984). The lighting, sanitation and amenities in these jails were pitiable, giving way to pestilence and a hell like environment. The jail architecture underwent immense change in the 2nd half of the 18th century under the influence of the European social reformers. The modernization of Prison architecture in the US began with the renovation of the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia in 1789 (Tappan, 1951, p. 276). The prison architecture of these times took care to create special cell s to segregate the petty offenders from the hardcore criminals. Care was taken to make the prison ambience more conducive and healthy by making proper arrangements for light and sanitation. By the earlyb19th century the prisons started to have well defined wings with central hubs (Tappan, 1951). The prisons started to have solitary confinement cells, garden areas and some sort of exercise and recreation area (Tappan, 1951). The management of prisoners started to get more humane and reformation oriented. 3. Discuss how the Gault & Winship Supreme Court Cases impacted the juvenile court system.   To begin with the issues pertaining to juvenile delinquency rarely got the attention of the US Supreme Court, until in the late 60s, the US Supreme Court decided on a wide range of landmark cases that had a