Fact Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fact Paper - Essay Example Baking soda is generally naturally occurring because it is mined from trona ore, although it can also be chemically made (â€Å"Soda Ash† 1-1; â€Å"What is Baking Soda?†). Baking soda is an alkali that can be applied on conditions or materials that need pH levels to be adjusted by decreasing the quantity of acid in it (Garvin). It has a gritty structure, and it gives off carbon dioxide when heated (â€Å"What is Baking Soda?†). Because of these properties, baking soda can serve numerous beauty, cleaning and health purposes (Fassa; Halvorson; Mercola). Baking soda can be used for beauty purposes. Baking soda can be put in one’s underarms to serve as a deodorant (Marvin). It does not stop sweating, but it can prevent the production of body odour (Marvin). Doctor Joseph Mercola recommends baking soda as a deodorant because it does not have harmful parabens and aluminium that are usually found in commercial deodorants. Apart from baking soda’s deodoriz ing effect, it can also exfoliate the skin. Doctor Mercola states that a â€Å"paste [can be] made from three parts of baking soda combined with 1 part water [and it] can be used as an exfoliator for your face and body. It’s natural, inexpensive and gentle enough to use every day.† Baking soda can exfoliate the skin gently and naturally, so it can be used as a facial and body scrub (Marvin). In addition, baking soda can be used as a teeth whitener. Doctor Mercola suggests that people can crush a ripe strawberry and mix it with half a teaspoon of baking soda, spread it on their teeth, and leave it on for five minutes. People should brush their teeth and rinse after (Mercola). He recommends for this to be done only once a week for teeth whitening because baking soda can corrode tooth enamel (Mercola). Wendy Michaels reports that Julia Roberts only uses baking soda as her toothpaste, and she has white teeth, which could be proof that baking soda can whiten and clean teeth . Furthermore, baking soda can make skin feel softer (Marvin). For those who want a baking soda soak or baking soda bath, they can use a cup of baking soda and mix it with their tub, and they can have soft skin afterwards (Marvin). Baking soda can also be used as shampoo. People can add a teaspoon of baking soda to their shampoo bottle to help eliminate build-up of chemicals from conditioners, mousses, and sprays and to better manage hair (Halvorson). Some people also use baking soda as shampoo, also called as no ‘poo method (Oxenreider). Tsh Oxenreider advises adding one tablespoon of baking soda to one cup of water and to use that as shampoo. She explains that shampoo products mostly have chemicals that actually dry scalp and hair, but baking soda will not because it is a naturally occurring substance that adjusts pH levels of hair and scalp (Oxenreider). These are some of the beauty uses of baking soda that people can try. Baking soda can also be used as a purifying and cle aning agent. Baking soda is often sold as an air purifier that can be used inside refrigerators, cars and other containers (Fassa). It can also deodorize many things, such as carpets and shoes (Fassa). Just sprinkle them on these objects, let it sit for fifteen minutes, and then remove it to minimize odour (Mercola). Baking soda can be sprinkled on slippers, boots, shoes, and socks to get rid of foul odour too (Marvin). Moreover, baking soda is a cleaning agent in the kitchen and bathroom. Baking soda can

Dance essay Essay Example for Free

Dance essay Essay Dance is a well admired art form and sport that is performed by many groups, cultures, and religions all around the world. There are many different types of dance that are available for people that have a great amount of energy, dedication and motivation. Dancers must be exceedingly athletic, have the stamina to practice for hours, and be able train and preform in very competitive environments, just like many well-known sports. Plenty of people believe that dance is just a form of art and is not a sport, they are wrong, dance is both an art and a sport. All athletes must be in best physical shape to succeed in their own sport. Dancers not only need muscle strength and physical endurance, like most sports, they also need flexibility, coordination, agility, and balance. Dancers also need mental endurance. They need to stay calm under pressure, keep focus, rebound quickly if they make mistakes, and most importantly need they have to make everything look beautiful and effortless, even if they are in pain. Athletes must prepare for each and every event they participate in. Dancers must face incredibly long hours of conditioning, rehearsals, and never-ending repetition of movements and steps to get ready for a performance. Many people cannot handle the amount of work that goes into any single movement a dancer must perform. In football, if a player not playing the right position that they were assigned, it can affect the team’s overall performance, just like in dance. Dancers have to focus on their position of their feet, arms, what moves to do and also where they are supposed to be, and if any are off it is very noticeable and can mess up the whole routine. Dance, just like any other sport, is competitive and the goal is to win and preform the best they can. Also, dancers can get injured if they move in a wrong way. There are dozens of injuries that can happen in football while there are just as many in dance. For example, dancers have the potential to fracture a bone in their foot by not landing a jump properly or could paralyze themselves if they fall when they are on pointe shoes. As you can see, there are many reasons why dance is a sport, as well as it is an art. The definition of a sport is an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment. Dancers train for hours, they compete against people to win and it takes lots of blood, sweat, and tears. So for the people who don’t think dance is a sport, they are incorrect.

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack E Crime The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Assessment: The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Justification 2 What is E-Crime? 2.1 Types of E-Crime? 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation 4 The Attack 5 DoS attacks 5.1 DDoS attacks 5.2 Botnets 5.3 Protocol Attack 5.4 SYN Flood 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities 6.2 Apache Killer 7 Defending DDoS 7.1 DDoS Defence System 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits 8 Example of a DoS attack 8.1 DoSing a website 8.1.1 The Result 9 Possible Perpetrators 9.1 Threat Agents 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? 10 Conclusion 11 References Figure 1 DDoS Attack Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon Figure 3 Apache Killer Figure 4 DDoS Defence System Figure 5 Command Prompt Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website 1 Introduction In this report the information will be based around a case study of an e crime against a SME (small-medium enterprise) that has taken place during the past 10 years. The story that has been chosen is the Raspberry Pi Foundation that was hit by DDoS attack on the 7th march 2013. The report will then explain how a cyber-criminal might have conducted this particular crime and try to assess the method and processes they might have used, including the tools, both hardware and software. While discussing tools, the report will show an example of how the tools are used to commit the crimes used from the story. The report will also show how you can defend systems from the attack that was chosen. 1.1 Aim The aim of this report is to demonstrate an understanding of cyber-attacks that are used against small, medium enterprises, and the tools (software and hardware) they use to be able to carry out these attacks. 1.2 Methodology This report was compiled utilising secondary resources, including a variety of books obtained from the library, as well as internet sources such as websites and PDFs. 1.3 Justification E-Crime Wales have documented that a Denial of service attack is one of the most common types of E-crime. (E-Crime Wales, 2012) Denial of service attack was chosen because it’s one of the most common e-Crimes out there, it is also probably one of the easiest attacks to perform, the tools used for this type of are attack are freely available to find and download, easy to use and very powerful. The company chosen was a SME and the attack was done in the last ten years. 2 What is E-Crime? E-Crime is a criminal activity where a computer or computer network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. E-Crime is not necessarily just for computing purposes; E-Crime’s can also be crimes such as fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery and embezzlement. E-Crime is quite difficult to become aware of and also punish because of how difficult it is, and also because attackers are able to hack victims thousands of miles away. Due to E-Crime getting a lot bigger and technology is becoming more advanced, new threats are rising very quickly and are also quite difficult for companies and people to react to them. (E-Crime Wales, 2011) 2.1 Types of E-Crime? According to the UK Government, around 87% of small businesses were victims of a security incident in 2013 up 10% and the average cost of a companys worst incident was  £35,000  £65,000 (Gov, 2013) In Wales alone it is estimated that attacks from e-criminals cost the economy around one billion. This includes financial loss, interruption of business, theft of valuable data, identity theft and a lot more caused by unauthorized access to systems. (Prior, N, 2013) Types of E-Crime are as follows: Hardware Theft Identity Theft Phishing Pharming Malware Virus’s Cyber Terrorism 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation The Raspberry Pi Foundation is charity that was founded in 2006 which is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. The charity is there to promote computer science in schools, and is the developer of the single board computer the Raspberry Pi. In 2011, the Raspberry Pi Foundation developed a single-board computer named the Raspberry Pi. The Foundations goal was to offer two versions, priced at around  £30. The Foundation started accepting orders for the higher priced model on 29 February 2012. (Raspberry,FAQ, 2009) 4 The Attack The main attack was the third attack of out of seven days. The foundation was attacked on the afternoon of the 3rd march, where the site was disrupted for about an hour. The foundation was then again attacked two days later on the 5th march, but nothing happened and the attackers gave up after a few hours, finally on the evening of 7th March 2013, the Raspberry Pi Foundation website was attacked by a nasty Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The servers where hit by a SYN flood, a botnet that contained around 1 million nodes. This caused the website to become very slow, especially the forum pages. The website was also down for a few hours. This attack proved to be the worst out of the three attempts. 5 DoS attacks DoS refers to â€Å"Denial of service† attack. A DoS attack is an attack that can make a web resource unavailable to its users by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle. That means that regular traffic on the website will be either slowed down or completely interrupted. (Bull Guard, 2012) 5.1 DDoS attacks DDos refers to â€Å"distributed denial of service† attack. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a DoS attack that comes from more than one source at the same time. A DDoS attack is generated using thousands can be up to hundreds of thousands of zombie machines. The machines used in such attacks are known as â€Å"botnets† in this attack there were around one million nodes in the botnet. The botnets are normally infected with malicious software, so they can be remotely controlled by the attacker. Attackers usually create the denial-of-service by either consuming server bandwidth or impairing the server itself. Targets are normally web servers, DNS servers, application servers, routers, firewalls and Internet bandwidth. (Verisign, 2012) Figure 1 DDoS Attack 5.2 Botnets Criminals use bots to infect large numbers of computers. These computers form a network, or a botnet. Criminals use botnets to send out spam email messages, spread viruses, attack computers and servers, and commit other kinds of crime and fraud. If a computer becomes part of a botnet, then the computer might slow down and maybe unintentionally be helping criminals. (E-CrimeWales, 2011) 5.3 Protocol Attack The attack used against the raspberry pi foundation was a SYN flood from a botnet. This is called a protocol attack. Protocol attacks include attacks such as SYN floods, fragmented packet attacks ETC. These types of attacks target server resources, firewalls and load balancers, and is measured in Packets per second. 5.4 SYN Flood A SYN flood DDoS attack exploits a weakness in the TCP connection sequence which is known as the three way handshake, SYN requests to start a TCP connection with a host must be answered by a SYN-ACK response from that host, and then confirmed by an ACK (ACKnowledge) response from the requester. In a SYN flood attack, the requester sends multiple SYN requests, but sometimes it doesn’t respond to the host’s SYN-ACK response, or sends the SYN requests from a spoofed IP address. Either way, the host system continues to wait for acknowledgement, binding resources until no new connections can be made, and then resulting in a denial of service attack. (Incapsula, 2012) 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is a tool used mainly by anonymous but also used by other hacktivists. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is an upgrade of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon, but it seems that the High Orbit Ion Cannon is mainly used to just DoS websites instead of servers, which you can do on the Low Orbit Ion Cannon. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is able to use custom scripts to target more than just a website’s home page. Instead of visiting the site from a fake user, the High Orbit Ion Cannon targets sub-pages. So the attackers try to visit the welcome page, help pages, article pages and anything else a victim site has to offer. This method prevents some firewalls from recognising that the website is being attacked. Even if they do detect what’s happening, they will have trouble shutting down because the software is sending multiple fake users to multiple pages within a domain. (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is really not that powerful for single users if they want to attack a big organisation, Anonymous say at least 50 people need to attack a big organisation in order to take the website down. In this instance a single user could of used this type of tool to bring down the Raspberry Pi Foundation website for a few hours, mainly because the Foundation wouldn’t have (or very little) Anti DDoS software to have been able to stop the attack. (Breeden, J, 2012) 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities High-speed multi-threaded HTTP Flooding Simultaneously flood up to multiple websites at once Scripted Boosters to handle DDoS counter measures and increase DoS output. Generating Multiple HTTP Header to create the genuine traffic flow scenario. (Avkash, K, 2012) 6.2 Apache Killer Figure 3 Apache Killer (Expert Hacker Home, 2012) Apache killer is a DDOS/DOS tool written in Perl which sends HTTP get requests with multiple byte ranges, these byte rangesoccupya wide variety of portions in the memory space. Byte Range helps browsers or downloading applications to download required parts of files. This helps reduce bandwidth usage. While the script sends dozens of unsorted components in the request header to cause the apacheserver to malfunction. (Rafayhackingarticles, 2012) If the attack is successful the results can be devastating and can end up in rendering the original operating system unusable only if the requests are sent parallel. (Hoffman, S, 2011). 7 Defending DDoS There are a number of ways to defend against DDoS attacks: Black-holing or sinkholing: This approach blocks all traffic and diverts it to a black hole, where it is discarded. The downside is that all traffic is discarded good and bad, packet-filtering and rate-limiting measures simply shut everything down, denying access to legitimate users. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) Routers and firewalls: Routers can be configured to stop simple ping attacks by filtering nonessential protocols and can also stop invalid IP addresses. However, routers are pretty much useless against a more sophisticated spoof attack and application-level attacks using valid IP addresses. Firewalls can shut down a specific flow associated with an attack, but like routers, they cant perform anti-spoofing. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) 7.1 DDoS Defence System Figure 4 DDoS Defence System (Coreo Network Security, 2012) The DDoS Defence System (DDS) prevents DDoS attacks from crippling firewalls, intrusion prevention systems (IPS), switches and targeted web and DNS servers. It stops all types of DDoS attacks and maintains full availability without effecting performance. DDS provides maximum protection for critical IT assets while allowing full access to legitimate users and applications. (Coreo Network Security, 2012) DDS detects and blocks all forms of DDoS attacks, including: Application layer Network layer flooding Specially crafted exploits Reflective Outbound attacks 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits Detects and mitigates both traditional network-layer DDoS attacks and more advanced application-layer attacks Protects your network, allowing legitimate communications to pass without delay provides automated real-time defence against identified DDoS attack sources 8 Example of a DoS attack The following attack was performed in a virtual environment using DoS and DDoS software. In the example the DoS tool that was used was the Low Orbit Ion Cannon and Windows server 2008. Figure 5 Command Prompt As you can see in figure 5, it shows a simple IPconfig command to show the IP address for the attack. Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready In Figure 6 you can see that the Low Orbit Ion Cannon is ready to set off. As you can see the Server 2008 IP address has been locked on ready for it to be DoS’ed. Just underneath the address you can see the speed of the attack, the faster it is the more requests that are sent to the server, underneath that it then shows the method, port, thread and timeout for the attack. Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking As from figure 6 you can see all the things are the same and ready to go. After clicking â€Å"IMMA CHARGIN MAH LAZER† you can see the attack is working by looking at the bottom of Figure 7 where it is showing the number of requests being sent. That number was just after around one minute of the server being attacked, so the amount requested would be a lot higher after around five minutes time which would probably be enough time. The purpose of Dos’ing a server is so that it stops any requests to that server, it sends multiple fake requests to the server stopping anything else being connected to it. 8.1 DoSing a website Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL The Low Orbit Ion Cannon can also be used to DoS a website, by simply typing in the website you want to DoS in the URL tab, click lock on and then fire the cannon. The purpose of DoSing a website is by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle causing the website to crash and to be temporarily unavailable. 8.1.1 The Result Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website If a DoS/DDoS attack is successful on a website then this is normally what you’ll see when you try to access the website, the DoS attack has clearly crashed the website and caused it to offline. 9 Possible Perpetrators The Possible perpetrators could be a number of people or organised crime. Even though there is no evidence from the foundation on who was behind the attack or the location it came. 9.1 Threat Agents The possible threat agents that could have been behind this attack are as follows Employees Government agencies Hacktivists groups e.g. Anonymous Organised criminals 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? From conducting the research there is no evidence of who was behind the attack and where that attack had come from. Looking at the possible threat agents it’s very unlikely that the attack could of come from a government agency or a type of hacktivist group such as anonymous, Lulzsec etc, if the attack came from one of them two types of threat agents the attack could have been a lot more sophisticated and could have caused a lot more damage. The Raspberry Pi Foundation quote that the attacker was probably â€Å" an angry confused kid† which is easy to believe considering the attack was attempted multiple times throughout that week, but its possible that the attack may not be linked to the same person, it could also be the same attacker with help from others to make sure the attack was successful or it could have been another attacker. The foundation says that the attack was probably for financial gain but there is no comment of any data being stolen. 10 Conclusion Throughout the report it shows how frightening it is that any sorts of hacker or hacktivist group are willing to attack anyone. It’s scary to think that even charity websites are vulnerable to attacks. Looking at this attack the foundation is lucky that it wasn’t attacked by a bigger threat agent from a hacktivist group which could have caused a lot more damage. The report also shows how easy it is to get your hands on the tools that are commonly used, how easy they are to use and how powerful they actually are. The examples of the attacks show how powerful the tools can be, the Low Orbit Ion Cannon sends a high amount of requests to servers and websites in a short space of time. 11 References Raspberry, FAQ. (2009). About Us. Available: http://www.raspberrypi.org/about. Last accessed 19/03/2014. E-Crime Wales. (2011). What is e-Crime?. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.8856. Last accessed 17/03/2014. Breeden, J. (2012). Hackers new firepower adds firepower to DDOS. Available: http://gcn.com/Articles/2012/10/24/Hackers-new-super-weapon-adds-firepower-to-DDOS.aspx?Page=2. Last accessed 18/03/2014. Expert, Hacker Home. (2012). Latest Methods of DDoS attacks. Available: http://experthackershome.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ddos-attacks-in-2012-latest-method-of.html. Last accessed 18/03/2013. E-Crime, Wales. (2011). Botnets Explained. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.9390. Last accessed 26/03/2014. Coreo Network Security. (2012). How to stop DDoS Attacks. Available: http://www.corero.com/en/products_and_services/dds. Last accessed 27/03/2014. ComputerWorld Inc. (2004). How to defend against DDoS attacks. Available: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/94014/How_to_defend_against_DDoS_attacks. Last accessed 27/03/2014. Bull Guard. (2012). What are DoS and DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.bullguard.com/bullguard-security-center/internet-security/internet-threats/what-are-dos-and-ddos-attacks.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Verisign. (2012). What is a DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/network-intelligence-availability/ddos/ddos-attack/index.xhtml. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Incapsula. (2012). DDoS Attack Types. Available: http://www.incapsula.com/ddos/ddos-attacks. Last accessed 20/03/2014. rafayhackingarticles. (2012). Apache Killer. Available: http://www.rafayhackingarticles.net/2011/08/zero-day-dos-vulnerability-in-apache.html. Last accessed 23/03/2014. Hoffman, S. (2011). Apache Killer Tool Exploits DoS Flaw. Available: http://www.crn.com/news/security/231600200/apache-killer-tool-exploits-dos-flaw.htm. Last accessed 23/03/2014. 1

Amusement Park Physics :: physics theme park roller coaster

Missing formulas A new era in theme parks and roller coaster design began in 1955 when Disneyland ushered in the new era of amusement park design. Disneyland broke the mold in roller coaster design by straying from the typical norm of wooden roller coasters; thus, the steel tubular roller coaster was born. Disneyland’s Matterhorn was a steel tubular roller coaster with loops and corkscrews, which had never been seen before with the wooden coasters. In addition to the new steel tube roller coaster, the new coaster design also proved to be the most stable, allowing for wilder designs. The first successful inverted roller coaster opened up in 1992, and now it is not uncommon to find passengers of various roller coasters with their feet dangling above or below them as they circumnavigate the track. In 1997 Six Flags Magic Mountain opened a roller coaster, that just a few year previous would have been considered impossible. The Scream Machine is 415 feet tall and takes willing riders on an adrenali ne rush using speeds of 100 miles per hour. Technology working with the laws of physics continues to push the limits of imagination and design. Many people do not realize exactly how a roller coaster works. What you may not realize when you are cruising down the track at over 60 miles per hour, is that the roller coaster does not have a motor or engine. At the beginning of the ride the car is pulled to the top of the first hill where it comes to a momentary halt. At this point its potential energy is at a maximum and the kinetic energy is at a minimum. As the car falls down the hill it is losing potential energy and is gaining kinetic energy. It is this kinetic energy that keeps the car going throughout the remainder of the ride. The conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy is what drives the roller coaster, and all of the kinetic energy you need for the ride is present once the coaster descends the first hill. Once the car is in motion, different types of wheels keep the ride running smooth. Various running wheels help guide the coaster around the track. Friction wheels control lateral motion. A final set of wheels keeps the coaster on the track even if the coaster is inverted. Compressed air brakes are used to stop the coaster as it comes to an end. Amusement Park Physics :: physics theme park roller coaster Missing formulas A new era in theme parks and roller coaster design began in 1955 when Disneyland ushered in the new era of amusement park design. Disneyland broke the mold in roller coaster design by straying from the typical norm of wooden roller coasters; thus, the steel tubular roller coaster was born. Disneyland’s Matterhorn was a steel tubular roller coaster with loops and corkscrews, which had never been seen before with the wooden coasters. In addition to the new steel tube roller coaster, the new coaster design also proved to be the most stable, allowing for wilder designs. The first successful inverted roller coaster opened up in 1992, and now it is not uncommon to find passengers of various roller coasters with their feet dangling above or below them as they circumnavigate the track. In 1997 Six Flags Magic Mountain opened a roller coaster, that just a few year previous would have been considered impossible. The Scream Machine is 415 feet tall and takes willing riders on an adrenali ne rush using speeds of 100 miles per hour. Technology working with the laws of physics continues to push the limits of imagination and design. Many people do not realize exactly how a roller coaster works. What you may not realize when you are cruising down the track at over 60 miles per hour, is that the roller coaster does not have a motor or engine. At the beginning of the ride the car is pulled to the top of the first hill where it comes to a momentary halt. At this point its potential energy is at a maximum and the kinetic energy is at a minimum. As the car falls down the hill it is losing potential energy and is gaining kinetic energy. It is this kinetic energy that keeps the car going throughout the remainder of the ride. The conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy is what drives the roller coaster, and all of the kinetic energy you need for the ride is present once the coaster descends the first hill. Once the car is in motion, different types of wheels keep the ride running smooth. Various running wheels help guide the coaster around the track. Friction wheels control lateral motion. A final set of wheels keeps the coaster on the track even if the coaster is inverted. Compressed air brakes are used to stop the coaster as it comes to an end.

The Time has Come for Womens Wrestling Essay -- Arguementative

The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Should women be able to compete in the NCAA sport of wrestling? There are countless numbers of men who are against co-ed wrestling stating that women do not posses the athletic ability, strength, or aggression to wrestle with men. The truth is that the only limiting factor keeping women out of the sport are those stated in Title IX and NCAA. Women have struggled for many years to create their own identity in the male dominant sport of wrestling. Wrestling began with the early Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations who depict wrestlers using most of the holds known to the present-day sport. In ancient Greece, wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature. Wrestling competitions were and still are brutal in many aspects due to injuries caused during a bout. Around 1928 North Americans developed the collegiate-style wrestling which is practiced in high schools and universities today. In the 1980s women began to wrestle in increasing numbers, and the first women's world championship was held in 1987. The women's collegiate movement is growing. In 1993, the University of Minnesota-Morris was the first college in the nation to sponsor women's wrestling as an official varsity sport. Since that time women's programs have been developed, and not to mention countless numbers of women who have joined their collegiate men's programs despite the limitations placed on them. Wrestling is a sport in which two contestants try to force each other's shoulders to the floor, thus scoring a pin and winning the match. Points are awarded for various holds and techniques during the bout, and if neither wrestler can pin the other within the time limit, the competitor with the most points ... ...ant with every sport. This is not to say that Title IX is unjust, but it is certainly not sufficient. It is just a matter of time before wrestling will be an accepted sport like ice hockey, karate, and judo. At the collegiate level women's wrestling is an ideal choice for creating new opportunities for women. In fact, women's wrestling fits the NCAA criteria for emerging sports programs yet it has not been sponsored as a NCAA sponsored sport. Women's wrestling, as with most sports that are not traditionally contested by females, needs pioneers to challenge the system. Those pioneers already exsist at the colligate level. The only thing missing is the support and backing from politicians who are able to push forth legislation to make the necessary changes. That support could turn into NCAA sponsorship, but not before more teams are formed at the collegiate level. The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Essay -- Arguementative The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Should women be able to compete in the NCAA sport of wrestling? There are countless numbers of men who are against co-ed wrestling stating that women do not posses the athletic ability, strength, or aggression to wrestle with men. The truth is that the only limiting factor keeping women out of the sport are those stated in Title IX and NCAA. Women have struggled for many years to create their own identity in the male dominant sport of wrestling. Wrestling began with the early Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations who depict wrestlers using most of the holds known to the present-day sport. In ancient Greece, wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature. Wrestling competitions were and still are brutal in many aspects due to injuries caused during a bout. Around 1928 North Americans developed the collegiate-style wrestling which is practiced in high schools and universities today. In the 1980s women began to wrestle in increasing numbers, and the first women's world championship was held in 1987. The women's collegiate movement is growing. In 1993, the University of Minnesota-Morris was the first college in the nation to sponsor women's wrestling as an official varsity sport. Since that time women's programs have been developed, and not to mention countless numbers of women who have joined their collegiate men's programs despite the limitations placed on them. Wrestling is a sport in which two contestants try to force each other's shoulders to the floor, thus scoring a pin and winning the match. Points are awarded for various holds and techniques during the bout, and if neither wrestler can pin the other within the time limit, the competitor with the most points ... ...ant with every sport. This is not to say that Title IX is unjust, but it is certainly not sufficient. It is just a matter of time before wrestling will be an accepted sport like ice hockey, karate, and judo. At the collegiate level women's wrestling is an ideal choice for creating new opportunities for women. In fact, women's wrestling fits the NCAA criteria for emerging sports programs yet it has not been sponsored as a NCAA sponsored sport. Women's wrestling, as with most sports that are not traditionally contested by females, needs pioneers to challenge the system. Those pioneers already exsist at the colligate level. The only thing missing is the support and backing from politicians who are able to push forth legislation to make the necessary changes. That support could turn into NCAA sponsorship, but not before more teams are formed at the collegiate level.

Essay --

In the Crito, Socrates debates with his friend and follower Crito on escaping from prison where Socrates awaits execution. Crito unsuccessfully attempts to persuade Socrates to escape from prison but the latter is adamant and opts to remain in prison and meet his fate. This paper argues that Socrates had strong convictions in his arguments. Therefore, the paper defends Socrates decision citing it as accurate and commendable even though it marked the end of his life. Firstly, the paper examines Crito’s propositions exhibiting the eminent strong points as well as the destabilizing shortcomings. The second part examines Socrates defense outlining why it was the rightful choice. The main attention will be on Socrates core argument founded on justice and doing injustice maligns one’s soul. Therefore, the paper concludes by phrasing that it is not worth to live with a tainted, distraught and ruined soul. Propositions by Crito According to Crito, there are three major reasons as to why Socrates should escape from the prison. Notably, Crito offers lame self centered excuses for Socrates escape. Indeed, two of the reasons do not stand ground whereas the third concentrates on the victim’s responsibility to his offspring. Crito begins by proposing Socrates escape because failing to do so will doubly hurt him. Firstly, Crito enjoys a warm and cordial friendship with Socrates. Therefore, his execution would distraught and melancholy him. On the other hand, Crito says that the execution of Socrates will harm his reputation. People will tantalize, taunt and jeer him for valuing his monies more than the life of his friend. This is because Crito can bribe Socrates way out of prison. According to Crito, the population will be prejudicial to him un... ...educed that it is not significant to live but instead to live a just and moral life. The second argument that supports Socrates decision to stay in prison is that of the repercussions to the city of Athens. If Socrates escaped, the Athens city together with its fabric, laws, would be annihilated. By the extension, destruction of the Athens’ city equally destroyed the lives of people of Athens. Socrates argues that harming others is similar to harming ones soul because such an act constituted an unjust act. Therefore, it was a wiser decision to meet death rather than escape. Finally, Socrates considers the consensus argument in his decision to stay in prison. Escaping from prison broke his consensus with his city and such an act constituted injustice. Therefore, it constituted maligning one’s soul and, therefore, it was better to die than live with an unjust soul.

Function Of Educational Managers In A School Institution Education Essay

Education is the foundation of civilised society and every society seems to be engaged in assorted educational activities. Its purpose is to supply and advance instruction to the multitudes so that well disciplined and mentally sound persons can be prepared who finally contribute in the development and prosperity of progressive society. Education system is devised to instill the doctrine, societal norms and accomplishments for economic activities. We besides are quickly switching into a new epoch in the history of worlds on this planet, which is called the technological epoch. And instruction is the primary beginning of all technological progresss, inventions and human amenitiess and that we need development, which is merely possible through quality instruction. An organisation is a aggregation of people working together in a Division of labor to accomplish a common intent. This definition fits a broad assortment of fraternal groups, nines, voluntary organisations and spiritual organic structures, every bit good as entities such as schools, infirmaries and authorities bureaus. The penetrations and applications of OB use to all of these groups. Here, we will be most interested in work organizations- those organisations to which people belong as employees ( Wood, et al 1998 ) . Organizational behavior is a subject that seeks to depict understand and predict human behavior in the environment of formal organisation. A typical part and feature of organisational behavior as subject is the expressed acknowledgment that ( 1 ) organisations create internal contextual scene or environments, that have great influence on the behavior of people in them and ( 2 ) to some extent the internal environment of an organisation is influenced by the big context in which the organisation itself exists ( for illustration, the societal, political, economic and technological systems that support the organisation ) . Furthermore, the internal environment or context of the organisation ( which is so influential in arousing and determining human behavior ) is non simply physical and touchable but besides includes the societal and psychological features of the life human system ( Owens, R.G. 1998 ) . Organization behavior is the field that seeks cognition about the behaviors in organisational scene by consistently analyzing single, group and organisational procedures. Thus cognition is used both as an terminal in itself by scientists interested in basic human behaviour and by practicians interested in heightening organisational effectivity and single good being ( Jerald and Robert, 2000 ) . Organizations do non win or neglect people do. Organizations are closely associated with people who are populating and altering ; hence human behaviors must be considered and understood within the kineticss of the formal organisation ( Ahuja, 1990 ) . Hence the filed of organisational behavior aid directors both trade with learn from their workplace experiences. Directors who understand OB are better prepared to cognize what to look for in work state of affairss, to understand what they find, and to take or assist others to take the needed action. This is a procedure for which doctors are carefully trained. When giving a physical test, a physician consistently asks inquiries and is speedy to observe where one status ( such as a perennial facial sore may be diagnostic of a job that requires farther medical attending ( intervention for a little tegument malignant neoplastic disease ) . Alternatively of sores and concerns, directors, action indexs typically deal with the public presentation achievements of people at work, their attitudes and behaviors, and events that occur in the work unit, in the organisation a hole, and event in the external environment. Good direction is able both to acknowledge the significance of these indexs ( for illustration, an addition in turnover among employees ) and to take constructive action to better things as a consequence of this penetration ( such as updating benefits and incentive wage strategies ) . Good directors add value to an organisation. However, good directors must be able to place, manage and modify the behavior of other member of the organisation is this added value from managerial activities is to be realized ( Baron, 1986 ) . Basically, nevertheless, any director should seek two cardinal consequences for a work unit or work squad. The first is task public presentation, the quality and measure of the work produced or the service provided by the work unit as a whole. The 2nd is human resources care, the attractive force and continuance of a capable work force over clip. This ulterior impression, while to frequently ignored, is highly of import. It is non plenty for a work unit to accomplish this high public presentation on any given twenty-four hours: a work integrity must be able to accomplish this high public presentation every twenty-four hours, both now and in the hereafter ( Christensen, 1994 ) . Indeed, the two consequences can be seen as the standard of an effectual director that is, a director whose work unit squad achieves high degrees of undertaking achievement and maintains itself as a capable work force over clip. This construct of the ‘effective Manager ‘ is an of import model for understanding the penetrations of OB and for developing your personal managerial accomplishments. Organizations are altering now, and they will go on to alter in order to last and thrive in a complex environment. We see organisations downsizing, organizing confederations, making new constructions, traveling planetary, prosecuting in joint ventures and using every more sophisticated engineerings and they attempt to cover with competitory force per unit areas. We see organisation prosecuting productiveness additions, authorising workers, pressing for invention, and seeking to accommodate themselves to outdo tantrum altering times ( Dolan, 1994 ) . There is no uncertainty about it ; the waies are clear ; the hereafter is at that place. But in order to win, directors must be willing to step frontward and do the personal and organisational alterations necessary to procure it. Indeed, some advisers and writers are oppugning the very term director. They believe that the altering nature of organisations in the new work topographic point may do the term coordinator, or possibly train or facilitator, a more disposed description of the function. However, irrespective of the term used, the message is clear. The successful twenty-first century director will hold to do the behavioural and attitudinal accommodation necessary to win in really dynamic clip ( Flippo, 1998 ) .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt is an constituted theory that proper organisational behavior ensures the full use of available educational installations and resources for the development of the organisation. Hence the survey was focused on the organisational behaviour of educa tional directors in NWFP.Importance OF THE STUDYOrganizational behavior is the yardstick which measures the clime of organisation. If the clime is suited for optimal use of worker ‘s possible, energy and capableness the organisation grows and ensures high quality merchandise. The educational directors are the anchor of educative procedure. They are the policy shapers, contrivers, implementers, decision makers and alteration agent in instruction. Any positive and fruitful alteration in society is hard without instruction.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe present survey was conducted to educational directors observed facets of organisational behavior in educational institutes of Punjab holding following aims: To find the function and map of acceptable behaviour of educational directors. To look into the manner of determination devising of instruction troughs.ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDYThe followers were the basic premises of the survey: It was assumed that the Education directors were good cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour and its deductions. It was assured that the instructors were cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour, its constituents and determinants..DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe Following boundary lines were observed during the survey ; Merely public educational establishments were included in the survey. The survey comprised of secondary degree of instruction that is from category IX to XII. The caputs of the establishments and instruction officers up to territory degree were considered as educational directors.PROCEDURE OF THE STUDYThis was the descriptive/survey type of survey. Following process was adopted for its completion: –PopulationAll the directors working in the different educational organisations of NWFP were included in the population of the survey. All the instructors working in secondary instruction were besides taken in survey.SampleRandom trying technique was used for the choice of sample. Twenty caputs of secondary schools ten caputs of higher secondary and five instructors from each establishment were included in the survey. Eight Executive District Officers and eight District Education Officers were besides taken in the sample. The sample was taken from eight territory of NWFP viz. ; Kohat, Peshawar, Bannu, , D.I..Khan, Mardan, Swabi, Abbotabad, and Manshera.Research InstrumentsTwo questionnaires were developed ; one for 256 directors and the ot her for 1200 instructors. The questionnaires were developed on Likert ‘s 5-point graduated table. The questionnaires covered all the of import elements of organisational behaviour of Educational Directors.Data CollectionDatas were collected by the research worker personally. First questionnaires were mailed to the sampled mark of respondents. The research worker personally visited the establishments for aggregation of informations. Keeping in position the clip factor, services of some representatives were besides utilized who were made orientated in make fulling the questionnaires.Datas AnalysisThe Data collected through questionnaires were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by utilizing suited statistical tool of Chi-square. Findingss were drawn and recommendations were made for the betterment of organisational behaviour of educational directors in Punjab.Statement of pointsResponsesSAAUDDistrict attorneySDAEntirec2Educational directors are cognizant of the construct of orga nisational behavior or clime Responses 37 112 0 89 18 256176.75*Percentage 14 44 0 35 7 100 Educational directors are satisfied with the quality of instructors. Responses 16 51 0 182 7 256447.7*Percentage 6 20 0 71 3 100 Educational directors involve the instructors in determination devising Responses 8 85 0 127 36 256226.68*Percentage 3 33 0 50 14 100 Educational directors are trained is determination doing techniques Responses 21 79 0 119 37 256114.07*Percentage 8 31 0 47 14 100 Educational directors are trained is communicating Responses 39 152 0 47 18 256274.41*Percentage 15 60 0 18 7 100 They are just in covering with others Responses 51 132 0 57 16 256203.56*Percentage 20 52 0 22 6 100 They believe in virtue and transparence Responses 61 148 0 46 1 256285.81*Percentage 24 58 0 18 0 100 Educational directors recommend inducements for good instructors Responses 42 129 0 56 29 256181.13*Percentage 17 50 0 22 11 100 Educational directors are competent in direction accomplishments Responses 17 51 0 157 31 256300.62*Percentage 7 20 0 61 12 100 Educational directors emphasis on the usage of latest instructional engineering Responses 12 47 0 156 41 256289.6*Percentage 5 18 0 61 16 100* Significantdf= 4 table value of c2 at 0.05 = 9.488The above tabular array 1 shows that value at 4 grade of freedom the c2 value at 0.05 = 9.488 which is greater than the table value the qis square ( c2 ) value. The tabular array indicate that the deliberate value of c2 ( 176.75* , 447.4* , 226.28* , 114.07* , 274.41* , 203.56* , 285.81* , 181.13* , 300.62* and 289.6* ) is greater than the table value of c2 ( 9.4888 ) , hence there is important difference in the responses of the respondents. Some responses are positively accepted the class of â€Å" agree † so it is concluded that the respondents feel that educational directors are cognizant of the construct of organisational behavior or clime, they are trained is communicating, they are just in covering with others and they recommend inducements for good instructors. on the other side there a some responses which are in favor of negatively accepted They are satisfied with the quality of instructors † is negatively a ccepted. It is concluded that quality of instructors need betterment, they involve the instructors in determination devising therefore the state of affairs needs betterment and educational director are trained is determination doing techniques is negatively accepted. It means educational directors need developing which should be arranged decently.DecisionThe undermentioned decisions were drawn out after analysis of responses. Concept of organisational behaviour was clear to 58 % of the directors and bulk of the instructors were non clear about this construct. Hence they were non take parting volitionally and voluntarily to better it. Educational Directors. Not satisfied with the quality of the instructors. Through in their sentiments they involved instructors in group engagement. They were besides of the sentiment that they involved instructors in decision-making. But the instructors were non trained in decision-making techniques. The instructors responded that the directors did non utilize democratic manner of leading. Educational Directors opined that they were trained in societal and commuting accomplishments. They distributed burden work oddly and they encouraged inquiries for elucidation. They stressed the character edifice of instructors and pupils. The bulk of the educational directors responded that they could non guarantee sufficient resources for each undertaking and service. The bulk of the instructors stated that organisational clime was non suited for better public presentation. They did non experience comfy. The workplace and rule of right adult male for right occupation was non maintained. The bulk of Educational Directors opined that they did non pattern the behavior personally that they would others to follow. They farther stated that they were non fair in utilizing financess. The bulk of the instructors stated that their wages were non sufficient to populate comfortably. The E.M did non take involvement in work outing personal job of the instructors. The bulk of the instructors besides said that deficit of financess was felt severely and system of answerability was weak and financess were misused. The bulk of the Educational Managers stated that they did non emphasize on the usage of latest instructional engineering in the categories due to its deficit. The bulk of the instructors besides verified that they did non utilize instructional engineering in the categories they besides did non utilize different motive techniques in the schoolrooms.RecommendationThe undermentioned recommendations were made in the visible radiation of the findings and aims of the survey. It was reported by both classs of the respondents that deficit of financess was felt severely. Pakistan was supplying fundss to the melody of 2.1 % of GDP to instruction which was really little for bettering the system and organisational demands. It is strongly recommended that at least the budget for instruction should be doubled. Both classs of respondents, the educational directors and instructors stated that system of answerability is weak. It is an constituted rule that merely proper answerability mechanisms can heighten betterment of public presentation hence it was recommended that proper efficient and effectual answerability system should be introduced from top to bottom in the territory disposal of instruction. For this purpose particular preparation should be arranged for educational troughs and instructors at approachable centres. Majority of both the classs of respondents replied that they were non trained in motive, societal, communicating and decision-making accomplishments. It was recommended that periodic preparation should be assigned for educational directors and instructor for their preparation in motive leading, communicating interpersonal dealingss, instructor pupils ‘ dealingss, and determination devising techniques. This type of preparation should be arranged with the aid of experts of relevant Fieldss. The new information and instructional engineering should be utilised decently. The instructors should be trained in faculty members for professional development and every instructor should be given the equal opportunity to take part in in-service preparation under certain cyclic order. The bulk of the respondents reported that there was an acute deficit of educational installations like books, cyberspace, computing machine, equipment, athleticss stuff and conveyance etc. The research worker felt that such state of affairs was due to shortage of financess and to some extent due to the carelessness of the caputs. It was recommended that chemical and equipment for research labs, books, computing machines and internet installation for libraries, athleticss stuffs for games, and furniture should be provided to all the secondary and higher secondary schools on precedence footing. The aid of community and local authorities can be solicited. The bulk of the respondents replied that there was a political intervention in educational organisations which led to upset the organisational behaviour. It was recommended that confidence should be got from the political parties by the authorities, non to disrupt the educational environment. Furthermore, working of political groups through pupil brotherhoods should be banned in the establishments.AUTHORS INFORMATIONMr.Muhammad Naeem Butt is working as Lecturer in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.. He did his M.Phil in Education from Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan nb840 @ yahoo.com Dr. Muhammad Iqbal is soon working as Professor of Education in Department of Education, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Naseer-Ud-Din is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. He did his Phd in Education from University Institute of Education and Research, UAAR, Pakistan. Electronic mail: naseer_khanpk2000 @ yahoo.com Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. Miss. Safia Noor is soon working as chief Govt. Girls High School, Charsada, Pakistan. She did her M.Phil in instruction.